Friday, October 5, 2012

Markets subdued ahead of raft of US economic data

LONDON (AP) ? Markets were subdued Wednesday as investors awaited a run of U.S. economic figures and after Spain's prime minister indicated his cash-strapped country would not request a bailout imminently.

The U.S. economy is in the spotlight this week, as is often the case in the first trading week of the month. A run of economic indicators will culminate with Friday's non-farm payrolls figures for September, which often set the market tone after their release.

Ahead of those figures, investors will on Wednesday have the monthly private payrolls report from ADP to assess as well as a services sector survey from the Institute for Supply Management. A surprisingly strong manufacturing report earlier this week helped shore up markets.

"The key point to watch for ahead of Wall Street trading getting underway is going to be the ADP payroll reading as although Friday's non-farms remain very much the main event, any early direction could see investors changing their tune once again," said Fawad Razaqzada, market strategist at GFT Markets.

In Europe, a survey of the continent's services sector showed weakness in the key economies of Germany and France and sharp downturns in financially weakened countries like Spain.

By late morning in London, the FTSE 100 index of leading British shares was up 0.1 percent at 5,814 while Germany's DAX was up 0.3 percent at 7,328. The CAC-40 in France was barely changed at 3,415.

Wall Street was poised for a soft open, with both Dow futures and the broader S&P 500 futures up 0.1 percent. The actual open will likely depend on the ADP figures, which will be released an hour before the bell.

Elsewhere, the euro was up 0.1 percent at $1.2928 and the benchmark New York oil price was 42 cents lower at $91.47 a barrel.

Investors have also become cautious since Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy said this week that his government was not on the verge of asking for financial aid as it seeks to get a grip on tis public finances.

Spain is under pressure to ask for financial assistance from the European Central Bank to keep a lid on its borrowing costs but the government has been reluctant to do so because it may come with conditions on its budget policies. Germany is also pushing Madrid to delay such a move because the government in Berlin is wary of presenting yet another rescue plan for a vote in parliament.

Spain's borrowing rates have come down since the ECB announced in September its new bond-buying plan. On Wednesday, the interest rate on the country's 10-year bond was flat around 5.70 percent.

"There is a general consensus that Rajoy will wait until after the regional elections on October 21," said Craig Erlam, market analyst at Alpari. "One thing that appears certain is that until we do see some progress here, we're unlikely to see many big moves in the markets."

Earlier, trading was lackluster in Asia. Japan's Nikkei 225 fell 0.5 percent to close at 8,746.87 while Hong Kong's Hang Seng seesawed until closing 0.2 percent higher at 20,888.28.

Australia's S&P/ASX 200 gained 0.1 percent to 4,438.60, a day after the country's central bank cut its benchmark interest rate by a quarter percentage point in response to global economic uncertainties. Earlier, the benchmark touched its high point for the year at 4,454.60 in morning trading before dropping back.

Markets in mainland China and South Korea were closed for public holidays.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/markets-subdued-ahead-raft-us-economic-data-101528075--finance.html

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Tuesday, October 2, 2012

If elected, Capriles vows Venezuela will help with Colombia peace talks

Venezuelan opposition candidate, Henrique Capriles, who is running against President Hugo Chavez, pledged his commitment to assisting the Colombian government in their negotiations with the FARC guerrillas.

By Andrew Cawthorne,?Reuters / October 1, 2012

Venezuela's opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles smiles during a news conference in Caracas October 1.

Carlos Garcia Rawlins/Reuters

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Venezuelan opposition leader?Henrique Capriles?pledged to help Colombia in its peace talks with rebels and distance himself from Iran should he defeat President?Hugo Chavez?in an increasingly tight race ahead of Sunday's election.

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The government of neighboring?Colombia?is due to start talks with Marxist FARC guerrillas this month in?Oslo?to try to end five decades of conflict.?Chavez's government, accused by?Bogota?of backing the rebels in the past, supports the talks.

That has led to speculation that an opposition victory in?Venezuela?on Oct. 7 could damage prospects for peace in?Colombia. But Capriles denied that was the case.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/RzgO7BFKp8Y/If-elected-Capriles-vows-Venezuela-will-help-with-Colombia-peace-talks

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US auto sales stay strong in September

FILE-In this Sept. 10, 2012, file photo, Mark Fields, Ford president of the Americas, poses for a photo next to a 2013 Fusion at the Flat Rock Assembly in Flat Rock, Mich. Interest rates are low, trade-in values are high, and automakers are rolling out attractive new cars and trucks in key areas. All of these factors combined to keep auto sales strong in September. Automakers report U.S. sales figures throughout the day on Tuesday, Oct. 2, 2012. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio, File)

FILE-In this Sept. 10, 2012, file photo, Mark Fields, Ford president of the Americas, poses for a photo next to a 2013 Fusion at the Flat Rock Assembly in Flat Rock, Mich. Interest rates are low, trade-in values are high, and automakers are rolling out attractive new cars and trucks in key areas. All of these factors combined to keep auto sales strong in September. Automakers report U.S. sales figures throughout the day on Tuesday, Oct. 2, 2012. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio, File)

FILE-In this Monday, Sept. 17, 2012, file photo, a sign stands outside Oshawa's General Motors car assembly plant in Oshawa, Ontarrio . General Motors, said Tuesday, Oct. 2, 2012, its U.S. sales rose 1.5 percent in September, as a big jump in car sales was offset by falling truck sales. The company says new models boosted car sales by 29 percent. But sales of the Chevrolet Silverado, GM's top-selling vehicle, fell almost 17 percent from a year ago. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Michelle Siu)

This undated image provided by Chrysler shows the New 2013 Fiat 500 Turbo. Chrysler Group LLC said Tuesday, Oct. 2, 2012, that its September U.S. sales rose 12 percent, crediting strong demand for new models, low interest rates and a stable U.S. economy. (AP Photo/Chrysler)

(AP) ? Americans found plenty of reasons to buy new cars in September, making auto sales a bright spot in the economy for yet another month.

Total U.S. sales rose 13 percent from a year earlier to nearly 1.2 million. Analysts think sales could hit 14.3 million this year, up from 12.8 million last year.

Low interest rates, aging vehicles that need replacement and appealing new models are fueling this year's consistently strong sales, says Jessica Caldwell, an analyst for the Edmunds.com automotive website.

"That's a good combination to get people shopping again," Caldwell says. "That's really what sells cars."

Here's why auto sales were strong in September:

? FINANCING. Low-interest loans are easy to get again, now that banks have loosened lending. New car loans carried an average interest rate of 4.05 percent in September, the second-lowest rate after December 2011, according to Edmunds.com, which started collecting data in 2002. People with good credit can get a 2-percent rate from a bank or credit union.

The cost of some models could fall further if automakers try to undercut each other in the small and midsize car markets, says Tom Libby, lead North American forecasting analyst for the Polk research firm.

"You have these couple of segments where there's brutal competition," Libby says.

? NEW MODELS. New vehicles always pique buyers' interest, and there are a lot of them hitting the market now, including redesigned versions of big sellers like the Honda Accord, Nissan Altima and Ford Escape. Sales this year have also gotten a boost as Toyota and Honda reentered the market after the Japanese earthquake in March 2011.

Michael Silver, 67, was driving by a Mercedes-Benz dealership in Delray Beach, Fla., last month when he saw the newly redesigned 2013 E350. The retired principal fell in love with the styling and bought one on the spot after getting a good trade-in price for his Lexus.

"September is usually the worst time to buy a car, because the new models are out and the deals aren't good," Silver says. "But I just fell in love with it."

? CONSUMER CONFIDENCE. Consumer confidence, one of the biggest factors influencing car-buying, jumped in September to the highest level since February. It was bolstered by a brighter outlook for overall business conditions and hiring.

When people are more confident about the economy, they're usually more willing to buy big-ticket items like cars.

?AGING VEHICLES. Many Americans have to buy a new car because their old one is on its last legs. The average age of a car or truck on U.S. roads is approaching a record 11 years. Even people who buy new cars are keeping them for almost six years before getting rid of them, the longest time ever, Polk says.

"They're sick of looking at them," says Jack Nerad, editorial director of Kelley Blue Book. "A lot of them just become undriveable."

Uncertainty about the economy is keeping sales from rising even faster. Some Americans are holding back on major purchases until they see how the budget battle shakes out in Washington, whether Europe can fix its economy and who wins the U.S. presidential election, says Jeff Schuster, senior vice president of forecasting for LMC Automotive, an industry consulting firm.

But car companies remain optimistic about the rest of this year and the first part of next year.

"The positives outweigh the negatives," says Kurt McNeil, vice president of U.S. sales for GM. "We see continued slow, gradual growth for the entire industry and for us."

Auto sales peaked at 17 million in 2005 before hitting a 30-year low of 10.4 million during the recession in 2009

This year's strong sales could become a talking point in the presidential election. President Barack Obama often boasts on the campaign trail that the bailout of GM and Chrysler in 2009 helped save about 1 million jobs in the industry. Republican Mitt Romney has countered that the companies should have gone through bankruptcy with private funding and been allowed to recover with government-backed private loans.

Detroit's car companies have most of their factories in the Midwest, including Ohio, a key swing state.

Record-high gas prices played a role in sales last month, shifting buyers from trucks to smaller cars. Sales rose 40 percent or more for the Chevrolet Cruze, Ford Focus, Toyota Corolla and other compacts. Gas prices have jumped 14 percent since July 1, and hit $3.79 per gallon at the end of September, a record for that time of year. Small cars now make up 23 percent up new-car sales, up from 21 percent in July, according to Ford's top U.S. sales analyst Erich Merkle.

Toyota Motor Corp.'s sales rose 41.5 percent and Honda Motor Co.'s were up 31 percent in September compared with a year earlier, when their inventories were hurt by the earthquake. Honda sales of the Civic and Accord sedans rose 57 percent. Nissan Motor Co., which recovered more quickly from the earthquake, says sales fell 1 percent last month, partly because the company has just begun shipping its new Altima sedan to dealers.

Detroit didn't fare as well. Chrysler Group reported a 12 percent increase, thanks to strong sales of the Dodge Avenger and the new Dodge Dart small car. But General Motors Co. and Ford Motor Co. sales were either up slightly or flat.

Ford saw a slowdown in sales of the Fusion sedan as it began shipping a new model to dealerships. The Fusion normally makes up 12 percent of the company's monthly sales. Ford is also losing some customers who used to buy Ranger small pickups. Ford stopped selling the vehicle at the end of last year. Only about half of Ranger buyers are replacing their trucks with Ford products, Merkle says.

At GM, car sales increased 29 percent, led by the Chevy Cruze compact. Sales of the Sonic subcompact were five times higher than last year. But sales of the Chevy Silverado pickup, GM's top-selling vehicle, fell almost 17 percent. GM blamed a 55-percent decrease in sales to rental companies as the company shifts between 2012 and 2013 models.

Volkswagen AG sales rose 34 percent, as sales of the Passat sedan nearly tripled over last year. Discounts helped. Auto buying site TrueCar.com says Volkswagen had the biggest increase in incentive spending of any automaker, up 29 percent to an average of $2,462. Volkswagen is offering zero-percent interest deals on the Passat through October.

Hyundai Motor Co.'s sales climbed 15 percent on strong demand for the Elantra small car, which was up 27 percent.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-10-02-Auto-Sales/id-f93ef8eb82ba4d62a37d249e77978ff1

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Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite is the new king of e-readers

14 hrs.

Until now, I was convinced the e-reader was a goner. After all, that black-on-gray "e-ink" display technology has peaked and cheap tablets are eating up what's left of buyer interest. Then I fell in love with Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite. It solves two of e-ink's biggest problems ? lousy contrast and lack of integrated lighting ??while preserving the e-reader's core advantages: readability, affordability and insanely long battery life.

E-ink is opaque ??unlike see-through?LCD ? and because of that, it's a lot harder to light it.?There's no way to "back light" the thing;?you have to light it from the side. When Sony tried to do this in 2008, it destroyed the value of the e-ink screen with oppressive glare, even when the light was off. Nobody bought that product, and Sony doesn't sell a light-up e-reader now. This past April, Barnes & Noble introduced its Nook SimpleTouch with GlowLight, and while that reader does a far better job of preserving the e-ink's readability, the lighting looks uneven.

Amazon stayed away from e-ink?lighting tricks until this fall, and the wait has paid off. The technology used to light-up the new Kindle is more advanced than anything I've seen previously: Despite the limitation of an LED array ? in this case, four tiny?lights?buried at the bottom of the screen ? the entire screen glows with near-perfect evenness, no matter how bright or dim you set it.

What surprised me about the Paperwhite wasn't that Amazon finally cracked the lighting problem. It's that the lighting actually solves the other big e-ink?problem: contrast. E-readers have long suffered the criticism that their pictures aren't really black-on-white, but black-on-gray. The reading experience falls short of greatness, no matter how "easy on the eyes" the technology is supposed to be.

By some color-temperature trickery, the Paperwhite's light system turns gray into white. Not only do you leave the light on all the time, but it is ideally kept?at its brightest in all but direct sunlight (where you can't see the lighting). And speaking of direct sunlight, let me assure you that the Paperwhite retains the?outdoor virtue of e-ink?despite the lighting system and the capacitive touch sensor layer.

The other thing e-readers will continue to lord over tablets is battery life. Amazon says the Paperwhite gets up to eight weeks on a single charge, but that's only under certain conditions: that the wireless is turned off, the light intensity is set to 10 (max is 24) and you read just half an hour each day. Odds are, your habits won't align with this perfectly, so you may have to charge it more than every two months. But I will say that since I do most of my leisure reading at night after we turn the lights out, I have had the lighting set near the bottom.?

So, do I have any gripes? Sure. On the technical side, it's a little annoying that there's no ambient light sensor ? you have to mess with the lighting yourself every time you change environments. But it's easy to do it, so that's not a true concern.

In the box you find a USB cable but no charger, nothing you can plug in the wall. Chances are, you already have something like this from a phone, iPad or previous Kindle, but if you need one, it's $10 extra. Alternatively, you can just charge it every so often by plugging it into your computer.

Previous Kindles have had speakers, and advanced functions like MP3 playback and text-to-speech narration ? this Kindle is more streamlined, though it does have the "experimental browser" that we've seen on Kindles from the start.?

A much more serious nuisance is that, for the starting price of $119, you have to put up with ads on the lock screen and at the bottom of the home screen. Even when you pay the $20 bounty to opt out of Amazon's "special offers," you still get a stream of recommended titles on your home screen, and those never go away. (Seriously, Amazon, how is that not an ad?)

Barnes & Noble has retaliated, dropping the price of its ad-free (and incredibly long-named) Nook SimpleTouch with GlowLight from $139 to $119. And Barnes & Noble wants to ensure that shoppers know that the Nook does in fact come with a wall charger. If all things were equal, this would be a compelling proposal, but things are not equal. If you don't live inside a Barnes & Noble, the Nook's advantages fall short of the Paperwhite's superior technology.?

If you are a frequent Amazon shopper with a $79-per-year Prime membership, then a Kindle gets you one additional benefit: One free "lending library" book per month, including the Harry Potter series, "Hunger Games" and a ton of other bestsellers.

So if you don't care about ads, then the Paperwhite's $119 starting price is a bargain. Eliminate the ads and buy a charger and you get to about $150, still not bad. If you don't have Wi-Fi, you'll have to get the 3G version, which is $179 with ads, $199 without ? a bit more steep, perhaps, but not a terrible one-time payment, especially for someone who doesn't have home broadband.

Amazon's growing less abashed about trying to get you to spend more money ? and I think there'll be a point where it backfires. But for now, the Paperwhite's virtues outweigh any of the tacky marketing, and it can be declared hands down the best e-reader yet, without any need for qualifiers.

Wilson Rothman is the Technology & Science?editor at NBC News Digital. Catch up with him on Twitter at @wjrothman, and join our conversation on Facebook.

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/gadgetbox/amazons-kindle-paperwhite-new-king-e-readers-6191170

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Monday, October 1, 2012

Novel pathogen epidemic identified in sub-Saharan Africa: Spread of human invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella tracked

ScienceDaily (Sep. 27, 2012) ? Researchers have found that the spread of a dangerous bacteria that can be fatal in up to 45% of people infected in sub-Sahara Africa may have been instigated by the emergence and spread of HIV in Africa. The study also found that one of the major contributing factors for the successful spread of the disease -- non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) -- was the acquisition of genes that afford resistance to several front line drugs used to treat blood-borne infection such as iNTS.

A new study out September 30 reveals that the emergence and spread of a rapidly evolving invasive intestinal disease, that has a significant mortality rate (up to 45%) in infected people in sub-Saharan Africa, seems to have been potentiated by the HIV epidemic in Africa.

The team found that invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is caused by a new form of the bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium that has spread from two different focal hubs in Southern and Central Africa beginning 52 and 35 years ago, respectively. They also found that one of the major contributing factors for the successful spread of iNTS was the acquisition of genes that afford resistance to several front line drugs used to treat blood-borne infection such as iNTS.

iNTS is a blood-borne infection that kills approximately one of four people in sub-Saharan Africa who catch it. Yet, in the rest of the world, NTS is a leading cause of acute inflammatory diarrhea that is self-limiting and tends to be fatal in less than 1 per cent of people infected. The disease is more severe in sub-Saharan Africa than the rest of the world because of factors such as malnutrition, co-infection with malaria or HIV and potentially the novel genotype of the Salmonella bacteria.

"The immune system susceptibility provided by HIV, malaria and malnutrition at a young age, may provide a population in sub-Saharan Africa that is large enough for this detrimental pathogen to enter, adapt, circulate and thrive," says Chinyere Okoro, joint first author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "We used whole genome sequencing to define a novel lineage of Salmonella Typhimurium that is causing a previously unrecognised epidemic across the region. Its genetic makeup is evolving into a more typhoid like bacteria, able to efficiently spread around the human body"

From sequenced samples, the team created a phylogenetic or 'family tree', depicting the pathogen's evolution, dating when each sample first emerged and overlaying this with geographical information about where these samples came from. They found that this invasive disease comprises of two very closely related waves; the first wave originated from a possible south-eastern hub, about 52 years ago and the second originated about 35 years ago, possibly from the Congo Basin.

"The HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is thought to have begun in a central region and underwent expansion eastwards, a strikingly similar dynamic to that observed for second iNTS wave," says Dr Robert Kingsley, joint first author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Our findings suggest the current epidemic of iNTS and its transmission across sub-Saharan Africa may have been potentiated by an increase in the critical population of susceptible, immune-compromised people."

The team identified that the vast majority of samples from the second wave of iNTS contains a gene that makes them resistant to chloramphenicol, a frontline antibiotic in the treatment of Salmonella. This gene was not present in the samples from the first wave of iNTS. This observation suggests that iNTS acquired this gene early on in the evolution of the second wave, probably around the time of its spread from the Congo basin.

"Because it acquired resistance to chloramphenicol, this pathogen has much greater opportunity to survive and spread across the region," says Professor Gordon Dougan, lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "This is the first time that the power of whole-genome sequencing has been used to track the spread of iNTS. Our research highlights the power this approach has to monitor the emergence and spread of dangerous pathogens both locally and globally over time."

"There has been some evidence that this disease can be passed from human to human. Now the race is on to discover how NTS is actually transmitted in sub-Saharan Africa so that effective intervention strategies can be implemented."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Chinyere K Okoro, Robert A Kingsley, Thomas R Connor, Simon R Harris, Christopher M Parry, Manar N Al-Mashhadani, Samuel Kariuki, Chisomo L Msefula, Melita A Gordon, Elizabeth de Pinna, John Wain, Robert S Heyderman, Stephen Obaro, Pedro L Alonso, Inacio Mandomando, Calman A MacLennan, Milagritos D Tapia, Myron M Levine, Sharon M Tennant, Julian Parkhill, Gordon Dougan. Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Genetics, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/ng.2423

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/genes/~3/SuSCC8XrBPo/120930141545.htm

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Private rocket rolled out to launch pad

A private rocket NASA is counting on to make robotic cargo flights to the International Space Station achieved a key milestone Monday as its first stage rolled out to its Virginia launch pad for the first time.

The first stage of Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket arrived today at its pad at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), which is located at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in eastern Virginia. The move marks the beginning of on-pad preparations for a series of important trials with Antares that will take place over the next few months, Orbital officials said.

The company aims to perform hot-fire tests of the first stage in four or five weeks, followed by Antares' first test flight about a month later. If all goes well, Antares will then launch Orbital's unmanned Cygnus capsule on a demonstration mission to the space station, officials said.

"MARS has completed construction and testing operations on its launch complex at Wallops Island, the first all-new large-scale liquid-fuel launch site to be built in the U.S. in decades," Orbital President and Chief Executive Officer David Thompson said in a statement. [Gallery: Orbital's Cygnus Spacecraft & Antares Rocket]

The hot-fire operation will demonstrate the readiness of Antares' first stage and launch pad fueling systems to support the upcoming flights.

The test involves firing the rocket's dual AJ26 engines ? which will be held down on the pad ? for about 30 seconds, generating a combined total thrust of 680,000 pounds (308,000 kilograms), officials said.

Antares is slated to blast off on its maiden journey about a month after the hot-fire test, carring a Cygnus mass simulator whose instruments will gather data about the flight.

The rocket will also carry and deploy four minuscule "picosatellites" during the mission, officials said.

Finally, Antares will carry Cygnus aloft on a demonstration mission to the orbiting lab. The capsule will autonomously rendezvous and berth with the space station, delivering about 1,210 pounds (550 kg) of supplies.

On its way back down to Earth, Cygnus will carry 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of disposal cargo from the station, officials said.

If all goes well with these three tests, Antares and Cygnus will be ready to begin making bona fide supply runs to the space station for NASA. Virginia-based Orbital holds a $1.9 billion contract to launch eight such unmanned flights.

  1. Space news from NBCNews.com

    1. Mooning over the night sky's marvels

      Science editor Alan Boyle's blog: NASA's Cassini sends back a big, beautiful, black-and-white picture of Saturn and its rings ? but what's the little white speck in the corner?

    2. Huge cargo ship undocks from space station
    3. Russians face up to their outer-space crisis
    4. Mars streambed discovery just latest clue

NASA also signed a $1.6 billion deal with California-based SpaceX, which is slated to launch the first of its 12 unmanned supply flights to the station on Sunday. This past May, SpaceX's Dragon capsule aced its demonstration mission, becoming the first private vehicle ever to dock with the $100 billion orbiting complex.

Follow Space.com on Twitter @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook? and??Google+.

? 2012 Space.com. All rights reserved. More from Space.com.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/49249336/ns/technology_and_science-space/

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'Green Brain' project to create an autonomous flying robot with a honey bee brain

ScienceDaily (Oct. 1, 2012) ? Scientists at the Universities of Sheffield and Sussex are embarking on an ambitious project to produce the first accurate computer models of a honey bee brain in a bid to advance our understanding of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and how animals think.

The team will build models of the systems in the brain that govern a honey bee's vision and sense of smell. Using this information, the researchers aim to create the first flying robot able to sense and act as autonomously as a bee, rather than just carry out a pre-programmed set of instructions.

If successful, this project will meet one of the major challenges of modern science: building a robot brain that can perform complex tasks as well as the brain of an animal. Tasks the robot will be expected to perform, for example, will include finding the source of particular odours or gases in the same way that a bee can identify particular flowers.

It is anticipated that the artificial brain could eventually be used in applications such as search and rescue missions, or even mechanical pollination of crops.

Dr James Marshall, leading the ?1 million EPSRC1 funded project in Sheffield, said: "The development of an artificial brain is one of the greatest challenges in Artificial Intelligence. So far, researchers have typically studied brains such as those of rats, monkeys, and humans, but actually 'simpler' organisms such as social insects have surprisingly advanced cognitive abilities."

Called "Green Brain," and partially supported with hardware donated by NVIDIA Corporation, the project invites comparison with the IBM-sponsored Blue Brain initiative, which is developing brain modeling technologies using supercomputers with the ultimate goal of producing an accurate model of a human brain.

The hardware provided by NVIDIA is based on high-performance processors called "GPU accelerators" that generate the 3D graphics on home PCs and games consoles and power some of the world's highest-performance supercomputers. These accelerators provide a very efficient way of performing the massive calculations needed to simulate a brain using a standard desktop PC -- rather than on a large, expensive supercomputing cluster.

"Using NVIDIA's massively parallel GPU accelerators for brain models is an important goal of the project as they allow us to build faster models than ever before," explained Dr Thomas Nowotny, the leader of the Sussex team. "We expect that in many areas of science this technology will eventually replace the classic supercomputers we use today."

Green Brain's researchers anticipate that developing a model of a honey bee brain will offer a more accessible method of driving forward our knowledge of how a brain's cognitive systems work, leading to advances in understanding animal and human cognition. "Because the honey bee brain is smaller and more accessible than any vertebrate brain, we hope to eventually be able to produce an accurate and complete model that we can test within a flying robot," said Dr Marshall.

"Not only will this pave the way for many future advances in autonomous flying robots, but we also believe the computer modelling techniques we will be using will be widely useful to other brain modelling and computational neuroscience projects," added Dr Nowotny.

Alongside this, the research is expected to provide a greater understanding of the honey bee itself. Because of their role as pollinators, honey bees are vital to many ecosystems, yet their declining population in recent years has given scientists cause for concern. Green Brain's modelling could help scientists to understand why honey bee numbers are dwindling and also contribute to the development of artificial pollinators, such as those being researched by the National Science Foundation-funded Robobees project, led by Harvard University.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Sheffield, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/computers_math/information_technology/~3/gJH9sWAKK-k/121001111405.htm

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